![]() Dreaming big is great, he says, but you must also take practical steps to turn it into a reality. However, Goldhirsh also points out that "pragmatic idealism" is important. Those who have high expectations usually rise up to meet them, he explains. "People are hungry to see their expectations elevated." When discussing optimism, your "expectations kind of dictate outcomes," he says. "High optimism will predict high effort and success," she says.īen Goldhirsh, CEO of Good Worldwide, reiterates the importance of optimism in accomplishing goals. The psychology expert says that optimistic people are more likely to invest, act and put effort into achieving whatever it is that they want to get done. On the other hand, Oettingen describes positive thinking as simply daydreaming about the future and fantasizing. These expectancy judgments are based on past experience, which means that being optimistic takes effort, she explains. "Optimism is defined as expectancy judgments that you can do certain things in the future," she says. ![]() "But it does mean that you have an ability to look at a situation and while it might be tough, you're able to see around that corner and see the possibility.versus the difficulty."īeing optimistic goes far deeper than just positive-thinking, says Gabriele Oettingen, a professor of psychology at New York University. "It doesn't mean that you're necessarily shiny and happy at all moments of the day," she says. "It may not be optimum to only focus on the negative," Kemeny said.Liz Mascolo, the business unit director at General Mills, defines optimism as being able to focus on a positive outcome. Many psychological treatments focus on reducing negative emotions and stress, Kemeny said, but Segerstrom's research suggests that bolstering the positive could be fruitful as well. The results could have implications for how mental health professionals approach counseling and treatment, said Margaret Kemeny, a health psychologist at UC San Francisco who was not involved in the research. ![]() The next step, she said, is to look for similar effects in older people whose immune systems might already be vulnerable to infection. The results also suggested that optimism affects immunity in part by increasing positive emotions, Segerstrom said. ![]() "So by the light of these other biomedical relationships that we think of as large and important, this effect certainly would match up." "By way of comparison, the effect size when you take calcium on your bone mass is 0.08, and the effect size when you take blood pressure medicine on your risk for stroke is 0.03," said Segerstrom. To measure the strength of the relationship, Segerstrom and her team used a statistical calculation called effect size and found that the effect size of a rosy outlook was a modest but significant 0.19. When optimism dropped, the immune system weakened. When optimism went up, so did the cell-mediated immune response. By measuring the bump, researchers can estimate the strength of the immune response.Īs the students experienced classes, exams and internship interviews, their optimism levels rose and fell. These harmless cocktails trigger a cellular immune response, resulting in a small bump at the injection site. To test immunity, the students had a dose of dead mumps virus or candida yeast injected under the skin of the forearm.
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